The Parowan Front project area is dominated by stands of pinyon and juniper trees with a high percentage of young trees encroaching areas of remaining sagebrush, bitterbrush, cliffrose, and other deciduous shrubs causing a downward trend in herbaceous cover. The project area serves as an important winter and transition range for mule deer. The I-15 corridor severely diminishes the amount of winter range accessible to the Panguitch Lake deer herd (unit 28). This project will help address these limiting factors by improving critical high quality transitional and winter range for mule deer and other sage brush steppe species. The Panguitch Lake (unit 28) deer herd is currently above objective. The main limiting factor being winter range (doe tags and expensive re-location projects are being used to address this problem). This treatment will help to expand critical high quality winter and transitional habitat, and in return will help bring mule deer populations within healthy carrying capacities for long term improvements in rangeland health. Accordingly, the Parowan Front Wildlife Management Plan states" due to the extent of the encroachment an aggressive thinning policy is to be carried out on the Parowan Front WMA's to improve habitat for wintering deer." Habitat improvement is important to minimize wildlife depredation on surrounding agricultural lands and to counteract the loss of habitat in surrounding areas due to development. Impacts to the plant communities caused by high concentration of wintering mule deer can be observed, sagebrush shows extremely high use and in turn is leading to a decrease in frequency due to mortality of the plants. Also of note is the prevalent hedging of the juniper trees caused by high concentration of wintering deer. In December 2018, 50 radio collars were deployed on mule deer wintering along the Parowan Front to provide insight on mule deer movement on this limited winter range. This project will assist in the evaluation of the immediate impacts to wintering mule deer in relation to habitat restoration efforts. The implementation of this project will provide a unique opportunity to acquire movement data associated with treatments prior to, during, and after implementation.

The overall goals for the project are: restore the sage steppe ecosystem; restore and enhance riparian systems and water quality, and improve big game habitat on public lands. Specifically, the goals are to remove 90% or more of pinyon and juniper trees in the project area while leaving islands of trees in a mosaic pattern for use by mule deer as thermal cover; re-establish perennial grass, forbs and shrubs to as close to ecological sight descrption percentages as possible by re-seeding the treatment area with a seed mix that resembles the ecological sight description plant community. In projects similar to this we have seen an increase in the forage of up to 500-800% and we would expect similar increases in this project. This project will decrease hazardous fuels and the threat of catastrophic fire, by lop and scattering the fuels within the treatment area. Which will reduce erosion potential and sediment in to Cedar Valley and Little Salt Lake Valley. Removing invasive pinyon and juniper trees from the riparian corridor, as well as the uplands will allow the riparian habitat to re-establish and properly function. This will reduce erosion and sedimentation events and keep the water temperatures more desirable.

The invasion of pinyon and juniper trees, along with high fencing of the I-15 corridore has turned areas once dominated by grasses, forbs, and shrubs into a pinyon and juniper woodland that is in a severely degraded state. It has also lowered the carrying capacity for wintering mule deer. Not completing this project we risk mule deer herds being forced to compete for browse and forage on an already crowded disconnected winter range, thus decreasing the carrying capacity of the winter and transition range even further. The increase of pinyon and juniper also increases the risk for catastrophic wildfires in these habitats, resulting in the complete or partial loss of current winter range and likely conversion to non-native (ie cheatgrass) systems detrimental to wildlife species (eg. threat to FEHA from non-native plant establishment). Pinyon and Juniper expansion has also resulted in loss of foraging areas for raptors such as Ferruginous hawk due to the continuous canopy. Opening up foraging spaces in this canopy while retaining clumps of trees with large flat-topped juniper for raptor perches and nesting is synchronous with the design feature of retaining patches of thermal and hiding cover for wintering big game. A past project (Private land mastication adjacent) has proven successful in meeting these objectives. As with any surface disturbing activity in a sagebrush steppe ecosystem there is a low potential for weed invasion. BLM/DWR will aggressively treat any noxious weeds within the treatment area if found.

Utah Mule Deer Statewide Management plan (2014) Habitat Goal: Conserve, improve, and restore mule deer habitat throughout the state with emphasis on crucial ranges. Panguitch lake Deer Herd Unit Mangement Plan (#28) 2015 The mid elevation upland site supports a pinyon-Utah juniper community and is generally considered to be in very poor condition for deer winter range. This community is prone to infilling from pinyon-juniper trees which can reduce understory shrub and herbaceous cover if not addressed. It is recommended that work to reduce the pinyon-juniper cover (e.g. bullhog, chaining, lop and scatter, etc.) should continue in this plant community. Parowon Front Wildlifre management plan All of the units on the Parowan Front WMA have pinyon-juniper forests that are encroaching on the sagebrush sights and out competing many of the browse species important to wintering deer. Several thinning (lop and scatter) bullhog and chaining projects have been done in the past to remedy this problem. However, due to the extent of the encroachment an aggressive thinning policy needs to be carried out on the Parowan Front WMA to improve habitat for wintering deer. Southern Utah Support Area Fire Mangement Plan 2004 which states: Mechanicallly treat to convert pinyon and juniper invasion (condition class 3) into sagebrush/perennial grass (condition class 1 or 2) vegetation types. . Utah's Standards and Guidelines for Rangeland Health which address watersheds, ecological condition, water quality and habitat for special status species National Fire Plan (2000) Healthy Forest Restoration Act of 2003 which state protecting forests, woodlands, shrub lands, and grasslands from unnaturally intensive and destructives fires Utah Wildlife conservation Strategy (2005) Iron County Deer Winter Range Resource Plan (2011) Protect and expand deer winter range and associated wildlife habitats. State of Utah Resource Management Plan (2018) The state supports the efforts of the Utah Watershed Restoration Initiative and other rehabilitative efforts throughout the state The state supports the Watershed Restoration Initiative to encourage reduced wildfire acreage, reduced soil loss from erosion, reduced sedimentation and storage loss in reservoirs, and improved water quality. The state plan supports active management to improve and enhance riparian resources to provide for appropriate physical, biological and chemical function. engage with federal land management agencies to support active management of healthy riparian areas on federal land. Seeding an optimal mix of native and desirable non-native species to support desired ecologic conditions and create a properly functioning ecosystem. Actively remove pinyon-juniper encroachment in ecological sites due to its substantial consumption of water and its detrimental effect on sagebrush, other vegetation and wildlife. Use of the good neighbor program to partner with Federal Agencies to better manage forage. Iron County Resource Management Plan (2017) This plan supports our project in the following ways; Encouraging the BLM in managing rangelands "in a manner that will protect the quality of scientific, scenic, historical, ecological, environmental, air and atmospheric, water resource, and archeological values, while providing for outdoor recreation, food and habitat for fish, wildlife, and domestic animals. By stating that it supports management of rangelands and forestlands to enhance desired plant communities that benefit watersheds, wildlife, water quality, recreation, and sustainable livestock grazing. By encouraging multiple-use as custom and culture on current and future federal land projects. By encouraging protection of watershed from the threats of catastrophic wildfire through proper management of forests, and the reduction of fuel loads to prevent and minimize wildfires and their effects and whenever re-seeding needs to occure re-seeding with certified weed-free seed. By stating that riparian areas should be managed to protect vegetation characteristics. Conservation efforts include preserving existing riparian areas as well as restoring damaged ones. Preservation should also include the dedication of sufficient water and groundwater to support vegetation. By supporting range improvement projects in crucial deer winter ranges to sustain viable huntable populations, limiting off-road travel of vehicles in crucial deer winter ranges, and efforts to expand deer wintering ranges in the county.

The majority of the area is at moderate to extreme on the fire risk index. There is a large fuel load build up along the Parowan Front. Pinyon and juniper trees have expanded and moved into areas once dominated by shrubs, forbs, and grasses. Without this project, fuel conditions are such that a wildfire may be difficult to contain, leading to an increased risk to firefighter and public safety, suppression effectiveness and natural resource degradation. Fire Regime Condition Class within the project areas is predominately FRCC 3 which is where fire regimes have been extensiviely altered and risk of losing key ecosystem components from fire is high. Treatments identified within this proposal, including seeding with more fire resistant vegetation, would help reduce hazardous fuel loads, create fuel breaks, and reduce the overall threat of a catastrophic wildfire which could impact the communities of Cedar City, Summit and outlying residential properties and infrastructure. Treatments in and around the sagebrush areas would break up continuous fuels and reduce the risk of wildfire entering these sensitive areas. Removing pinyon and juniper in a mosaic pattern would also break up continuous fuels and reduce the risk of a high intensity wildfire. Because there is a geater risk of conversion of shrublands to annual grasslands under a high intensity fire, managed pro-active treatments proposed would reduce the likelihood of cheatgrass invasion and help perennial grasses, forbs, and shrubs persist long-term.

In the lop and scatter process much of the bare soil will be covered by limbs and woody debris which will aid in the establishment of vegetative cover, which will reduce water runoff and decrease soil erosion into Cedar Valley and Little Salt Lake Valley. Implementation of this project will also greatly increase water infiltration into the soil, recharging groundwater systems in the area. Recent research Roundy, et. al.(2014) has shown that mechanical treatments to remove pinyon and juniper increase time that soil water is available. Even four years after treatment, treated areas showed from 8.6 days to 18 days additional water availability at high elevation sites. Additional research by Young, et. al. (2013) also showed a relationship between tree removal and soil climates and wet days on these sites, which while providing more available moisture for desired vegetation could also provide moisture for weeds. Numerous studies have shown that increased infiltration rates and less overland flow improve both water quality and quantity. We believe that by implementing this project in the drainage basin that feeds Dalley and Summit Creek will increase the amount of water that makes it to the stream bed. We anticipate that this will result in an increase in the amount of flow in the stream as well as how far the stream flows. We also expect that this will result in stream flow durations that will take sections of the stream from current conditions of intermittent flow and change them over to perennial flow. By changing the flow regimes in these areas we also feel like this will allow for the riparian vegetation along the channel to expand and infill and create a healthy functioning stream. If this infilling in the riparian areas does not happen on its own and there is water and hydric soils suitable to sustain the plant communities then we will come back and manually add the plants that we would like to see along the stream, with a future project proposal.

NEPA was completed June 2018. Class 1 Archaeological clearance will be completed prior to implementation. Wildlife clearances will be completed prior to implementation and any concerns will be mitigated prior to treatment. Their is no current livestock grazing within this allotment, grazing will not be a concern while new vegetation is establishing.

The area consists of phase 2 and phase 3 stands of pinyon and juniper which currently occupy and are encroaching in a historic mountain sagebrush steppe site.They will be removed by lop and scatter (1,020 acres). Islands and corridors of pinyon and juniper would remain untreated throughout the unit, creating a mosaic pattern of treated and untreated vegetation maintaining thermal and hiding cover for big game. Before mechanical implementation, treated areas would be broadcast seeded with a mix of grasses, forbs, and shrubs important for improving wintering mule deer habitat, and stabilizing the soil.

Photo points will be established throughout the project, before and after pictures. UDWR Habitat and Wildlife biologists will establish a monitoring site within the treatment area that will monitor pellet counts for utilization as well as point intercept plots that will monitor establishment and overall health of the plant community. This will not be an established plot that is read by the DWR Range Trend Crew. This plot will be read annually in the spring by DWR habitat and wildlife biologists after winter utilization has taken place to determine rangeland health and carrying capacity on WMA properties, and should correlate closely to surrounding treatment areas on BLM, and Private Land. Radio telemetry data from wintering mule deer will be used in the evaluation of this project. The data will also be used to identify future treatments that may provide valuable stopover habitat during migratory movements. Pre and post monitoring of flows, on Summit Creek and potentially other perennial streams within and adjacent to the project area will take place to ascertain the benefits of the project. PFC will also continue to be conducted on the perennial streams within and adjacent to the project area.

Spring 2017 BLM was approached by the Division of Wildlife Resources and the NRCS with the idea of doing some land restoration treatments along the Parowan Front to restore and enhance winter mule deer range. The Division of Wildlife has been heavily involved in the layout and planning process of this project, because much of it involves land they manage directly. During the planning stages we also consulted with Great Basin Research Center on appropriate plant species to use in the seed mix.

Parowan Front WMA's will be managed primarily for the benefit of wildlife. Grazing of cattle will be used on the WMA properties to reduce grasses and promote the growth of browse if deemed necessary by habitat management staff. Grazing will only be administered through a high intensity short-term period strategy, from early may to early June. Regional UDWR personnel will evaluate each unit for habitat quality on a yearly basis. At that time it will be decided what units, if any will be grazed by livestock (primarily cattle) the following year. Their is no current livestock grazing within this BLM allotment

Rangeland conditions are expected to improve following implementation of the proposed vegetation project. The health, vigor, recruitment and production of perennial grasses, forbs and shrubs would improve which would provide a more palatable and nutritional source of forage for wildlife. These areas are used extensively for recreation by hunters and wildlife viewers. They are also popular areas for shed antler gathering. UDWR issues several firewood permits every year allowing the public to remove firewood from previously treated areas. On BLM administered lands firewood gathering, and cedar post cutting is also permissible and is governed through a permit that can be purchased at the local BLM office.