Zion Migration Corridor Habitat Improvement Phase III
Region: Southern
ID: 6048

Project Status: Completed

Project Details

WATER QUALITY
Currently the North Fork of the Virgin River is listed as high Priority 303d water body because of elevated levels of E. coli.  Utah department of Environmental Quality has linked the elevated levels back to fecal bacteria from livestock and wildlife.  The levels of E. coli are posing a threat to recreational uses in the river and could potentially contaminate drinking water further downstream.   Upland health is key to riparian health.  This project and Phase I and II can improve riparian health and water quality.  Below these projects is one of the most visited spots in Utah.  This project has a goal of improving grazing distribution of native and domestic ungulates to help with water quality issues related to an identified human health hazard in the NP.  Improving habitat quality and water quality will also have a beneficial impact to threatened and endangered native fish.

MAPPED CRITICAL AND CRUCIAL MULE DEER HABITATS
Big Game use this area as critical migration and stopover habitat as documented by collar data by the UDWR (see map in photo section).  Large numbers of mule deer pass through this area in the early fall and spring as mule deer and elk transition from winter to summer range.  Often mule deer will give birth in this area increasing the need for nutritious forage for lactating females and their offspring. Improving range conditions will improve body condition for big game.  The area has one of the larger deer herds in the state with approximately 15,000 animals. This unit is one of the premier general season deer hunting units in Utah and provides ample hunting opportunity to the public.  The Zion unit is also home to a population of elk that provide one of the few over-the-counter any-bull general season hunting opportunities for elk in the state.  Improving and maintaining habitat condition in the Zion unit is important to sustaining wildlife viewing and hunting opportunities that benefit the public. By doing so, we are also maintaining and enhancing economic stability in surrounding rural communities.  Many of these rural incomes rely on wildlife and wildlife habitat as a source of income.

This project will build on work already completed in Phase I and Phase II (WRI 4781 Hogs Heaven and WRI 5637 Zion Migration Corridor).

This project area is identified as "priority for restoration of crucial mule deer habitat" under the Utah Statewide Mule Deer Management Plan (Utah Statewide Mule Deer Management Plan, 2019-2024).  "Crucial" is defined as "habitat necessary to sustain the areas mule deer herd".  Allowing the area to remain in phase 2 and 3 pinyon and juniper encroachment means less quality habitat to meet mule deer objectives.  This project will specifically meet the objective of "working with local, state and federal land management agencies via land management plans and with private landowners to identify and properly manage crucial mule deer habitats, especially fawning, wintering and migration areas".  The Zion Unit Mule Deer Management Plan specifically states to "reduce expansion of Pinyon-Juniper woodlands into sagebrush habitats and improve habitats dominated by Pinyon-Juniper woodlands by completing habitat restoration projects like lop & scatter, bullhog, and chaining" (Zion Mule Deer Management Plan, 2015).   The area has also been identified in the UTAH ACTION PLAN For Implementation of Department of the Interior Secretarial Order #3362 as being important big game migration and stopover habitat.  This project will help meet the objective of "targeted habitat treatment projects in deer winter ranges and stopover areas that could be used to bolster deer populations" (UTAH ACTION PLAN For Implementation of Department of the Interior Secretarial Order #3362, 2020).

The Zion Unit Elk Management plan identifies a need for "restoration efforts on summer ranges to improve forest health and address watershed productivity. Private landowners, livestock permittees, federal and state land management agencies and the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources are encouraged to continue to work together to conduct landscape scale treatments" (Elk Management Plan Zion Unit, 2016).  This project will help address the need and assist wildlife managers in achieving the goals to "manage for a population of elk capable of providing a broad range of recreational opportunities including hunting and viewing and maintain healthy elk populations at biologically and socially sustainable levels while continuing with the any bull harvest strategy" (Elk Management Plan Zion Unit, 2016).

Working on this project jointly with the Utah Division of Wildlife, private landowners, Natural Resource Conservation Service, and USFWS will contribute to sustaining a robust mule deer and elk population that greatly adds value to the areas identity and economy.

NON-GAME WILDLIFE
Non-game species including California Condor have been documented in this area by Hawk Watch and local livestock producers, and according to the UDWR Heritage Database this is area is consistent with summer habitat.  The UDWR produced a short informational film about California Condors "stating that the Kolob site is the best place for the public to view magnificent creatures" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9sHW7LhxRSs&list=UUaJfU2vckQ9UrjLgq1zPMaQ&index=65). According Bird Life International "condors will travel up 160 miles in search of carrion".  Condors will benefit from the visual open space to scavenge and the expected increase in prey species in these areas.

The project falls within an identified Bird Habitat Conservation Area (BHCA) with lowland riparian habitat listed as a priority habitat type for conservation (BHCA #48: Virgin River).  Priority bird species listed in the BHCA are Abert's Towhee, Lucy's Warbler, Bell's Vireo, Gray Vireo, and several waterfowl species.  The Virgin River and associated contributing streams provide critical riparian habitat in a desert setting.  Improving upland will directly benefit lowland riparian habitat in many ways. Improving range conditions on adjacent uplands theoretically should improve the conditions of the riparian and water quality in the north fork.  Currently the Range Land Health is poor because of the encroachment of pinyon and juniper trees into historically grass and brush uplands.  Return these uplands to desirable forage for wildlife and livestock will help reduce the use of the riparian areas.

IMPROVED GRAZING PRACTICES AND LOCAL ECONOMIES
We need to work with landowners in this area on all landownership types.  Much of the area is in a climax veg state and ripe for a wildfire.  Cattle tend to congregate in the riparian area as expected.  Improving and diversify the ecological states in the uplands provides livestock and landowners some options.  This helps landowners and local economies.  As previously stated the hunting opportunities also are closely tied to economic benefits.

A WORD ON POLLINATORS
Yep, we're claiming pollinators so hear us out.  Some of the most forb diverse habitats are those around water.  By improving uplands to benefit riparian areas we are improving pollinator habitat.  Furthermore, conservationists are coming to realize the importance of late season forb vegetation for migrating monarch butterflies.  If you don't know, monarchs are a USFWS candidate species.  Late season food sources are necessary to get them through migration and to winter habitats in Mexico and California.  Riparian areas have those late season nectar sources.  And even furthermore, one thing we don't think of or talk about as conservationists is the need for monarch roosting sites.  The N. Fork Virgin is where those roosting sites are (large woody plants). 
RECENT FINDINGS
In Sept of 2021 UDWR, USFWS, USFS, and the private landowners completed a small survey for fish species of the North Fork of the Virgin and Straight Canyon (a tributary to the North Fork).  In Straight Canyon samples were collected from what could be Bonneville Cutthroat Trout.  The samples are at BYU currently and results are expected this spring.  If this population is pure BCT this could be very exciting and curious of how they got there and where else could other populations might be.

Provide evidence about the nature of the problem and the need to address it. Identify the significance of the problem using a variety of data sources. For example, if a habitat restoration project is being proposed to benefit greater sage-grouse, describe the existing plant community characteristics that limit habitat value for greater sage-grouse and identify the changes needed for habitat improvement.

Provide an overall goal for the project and then provide clear, specific and measurable objectives (outcomes) to be accomplished by the proposed actions. If possible, tie to one or more of the public benefits UWRI is providing.

1.  Total Daily Load will continue to increase if management changes aren't made by livestock producers.  Masticating and seeding will provide options for livestock operators to manage their usage.  As stated in Utah State University Extension bulletin "good soil and water conservation practices on upland areas represent the first, and perhaps the most critical step for the protection of riparian areas."  This what the goal of the mastication work is.  Improve the uplands, improve the riparian and water resources.

2.  Currently the landowners/livestock producers are tolerant of wildlife use of their property.  Wildlife, especially mule deer and elk use these properties in migration as transitional habitat.  Increasing forage, and land productiveness, will help offset conflicts with private landowners/livestock producers, while increasing the forage for wildlife and contributing to a diverse plant community.

3.  Fire is a BIG threat if left untreated due the dense stand of pinyon and juniper.  The area is ripe for a large intense wildfire NOW.  Continuing to do treatments will decrease the threat.  High intensity fire also threatens older age class ponderosa pine forest and private structures in the area.  With the current fuel loads and the hundreds of acres of continuous fuel loading in the North Fork drainage and neighboring drainages, a fire would quickly become catastrophic and threat hundreds of thousands of dollars in private structures, including homes, threaten the livestock industry of Southwest Utah, devastate multiple watersheds, mainly the Virgin river, and the have lasting negative effects on wildlife and fish that depend on clean water and healthy enact riparian areas.

4.  Sheet and Rill erosion contributes to the amount of sediment from the late phase II pinyon juniper sites that lack under story.  With the mastication, mulch will cover the bare soil while seeds are established.  Decreasing soil erosion and moisture lost, while increasing soil moisture holding availability and cover of the soil.  In areas in or near the treatment sites that have been cleared and seed have proved to be very successful (see pictures for details).

5.  This project will increase and maintain the availability of a diverse suite of vegetational communities.  A healthy landscape has a diversity of vegetational states within an ecological site.  A diverse landscape benefits a larger community of wildlife species and people.  A diverse landscape is also more resistance and resilient to disturbance.  By allowing this landscape to continue to move further into a dominant PJ woodland it increases the risk of its resistance to disturbance and its resilience to bounce back and heal after a disturbance.
 
6.  This project will directly and indirectly positively affect high interest game.  Mule deer and elk are found in the project area.  Mule deer could use this area for a staging area in their migration, as has been seen on other projects on the Parowan Front allowing them to be in better condition as they enter the winter range and allows the deer to spend less time on sensitive winter ranges.  Elk will use this area from the fall to spring, if weather does not force them to lower elevations. In consultation with the wildlife biologist over this unit, he would prefer that the elk and mule deer remain in these areas longer, because it would give managers a chance to manage them, rather when they enter Zion National Park and management is not an option.  See in the "Need for Project" section the critical importance of this area to big game.  This area is necessary for sustainable big game populations.

6.   A species of greatest resource concern that has been documented in the area is the California Condor.  Condors summer near Kolob Reservoir (15 miles West), the open areas will increase the visibility of condors as they search for carrion.  The anticipated increase in herbivore use would theatrically increase the number of carcasses available to the condors also.  Working with Hawk Watch that monitor condors on the Zion we were told "that any improvements for ungulates will benefit condors and their populations". With these treatments condor habitat will be improved.

7.  These private mesic lands and surrounding private rangelands are critically important to the health of wildlife populations.  Research shows that 60--80% of wildlife is dependent on mesic habitats (e.g., wetlands and riparian areas; Thomas et al. 1979, Patten 1998, Belsky et al. 1999, Peck and Lovvorn 2001).  If true wildlife conservation is to take place on a sustainable level, public wildlife managers must engage private landowners.
  
8.  As previously stated, because this area has been identified as a critical migration corridor for mule deer habitat, we feel that the need for project and importance should be elevated because of the overall impact of the habitat to these species of wildlife.  Another ecological qualifier for elevating this project is that the project falls within an identified Bird Habitat Conservation Area (BHCA) as previously discussed.  The project will also address multiple conservation needs for several bird species not reflected in the species section of this proposal.

9.  And yes, we care about native fish.  Native fishes in the Virgin River are of special concern.  These species may include:  virgin spinedace (Lepidomeda mollispinis mollispinis), desert sucker(Catostomus clarkii), speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus), and flannelmouth sucker (Catostomus latipinnis). The virgin spinedace and flannelmouth sucker are both much reduced from their original Virgin River habitat. Both are managed under conservation agreements.  Water quality and riparian vegetation improvements have the potential to benefit these fish species on site and downstream.  These fish species have declined precipitously over the last two centuries and any conservation work we can do to improve their habitat is needed to keep those listed under ESA from becoming extinct, and those not yet listed under ESA becoming listed.

10.  Development threats are at an all time high in this area.  This threat is tied to the ecology of the watershed.  Helping landowners to remain profitable here is important.  If not they may sell property which has a high risk of being developed for recreational opportunities.

LOCATION: Justify the proposed location of this project over other areas, include publicly scrutinized planning/recovery documents that list this area as a priority, remote sensing modeling that show this area is a good candidate for restoration, wildlife migration information and other data that help justify this project's location.

TIMING: Justify why this project should be implemented at this time. For example, Is the project area at risk of crossing an ecological or other threshold wherein future restoration would become more difficult, cost prohibitive, or even impossible.

1.  Utah Mule Deer Statewide Plan (12/5/2019-12/5/2024)
"Work with local, state and federal land management agencies via land management plans and with private landowners to identify and properly manage crucial mule deer habitats, especially fawning, wintering, and migration areas"
"Work with local, state and federal land management agencies and ranchers to properly manage livestock to enhance crucial mule deer ranges."
"Minimize impacts and recommend mitigation for losses of crucial habitat due to human impacts."
"Continue to support and provide leadership for the Utah Watershed Restoration Initiative, which emphasizes improving sagebrush-steppe, aspen, and riparian habitats throughout Utah."
"Support existing and explore additional incentive programs for landowners that will increase tolerance, enhance habitat, and promote deer populations on private lands such as the CWMU, landowner permit, Walk-In Access programs, etc."
 This project falls in the Crucial Mule Deer Habitat Priorities.
2.  Deer Herd Unit Management Plan, Deer Herd # 29, Zion
"A major proportion of both summer and winter habitat for deer on this unit is on private land. Therefore, it is paramount to work with private landowners to maintain both summer and winter habitat. Currently, there is one CWMU of 13,000 acres (Mt. Carmel - Zion) in the Muddy Creek drainage on the east portion of this unit. Other landowners have expressed interest in a CWMU and they may be organized in the future."
"Reduce expansion of Pinion-Juniper woodlands into sagebrush habitats and improve habitats dominated by Pinion-Juniper woodlands by completing habitat restoration projects like lop & scatter, bullhog, and chaining."
 "Work toward long-term habitat protection and preservation through agreements with land management agencies and local governments, the use of conservation easements, etc. on private lands and working toward blocking up UDWR properties through land exchanges with willing partners."
3.  Utah Statewide Elk Management Plan
*"Continue to provide incentive programs for landowners that will encourage elk populations on private land such as the CWMU, Landowner Association, and WalkIn Access programs."
* "Increase forage production by annually treating a minimum of 40,000 acres of elk habitat.'
* "Coordinate with land management agencies, conservation organizations, private landowners, and local leaders through the regional Watershed Restoration Initiative working groups to identify and prioritize elk habitats that are in need of enhancement or restoration.
i) Identify habitat projects on summer ranges (aspen communities) to improve calving habitat.
ii) Encourage land managers to manage portions of forests in early succession stages through the use controlled burning and logging. Controlled burning should only be used in areas with minimal invasive weed and/or safety concerns."
4.  Utah Statewide Bighorn Sheep Management Plan
"Improve or maintain existing water sources and develop new water sources as needed to improve distribution and abundance of bighorn sheep."
5. Zion National Park, Virgin River Comprehensive Management Plan/Environmental Assessment
"To protect and enhance free flow and water quantity, promoting the river's ability to shape the geologic landscape by reducing impediments to free flow, improving hydrological function, and ensuring flows that are largely natural."
"To protect and enhance river-related natural resources and ecological processes. The natural function of riparian areas, wetlands, and floodplains of the Virgin River and its tributaries would be maintained and restored; restoration activities would strive to return habitat to natural levels of complexity and diversity; water quality would be maintained at the highest possible levels; and achievement of this goal would benefit fish, wildlife, ecological processes, geologic values, and recreation."
6.  Zion National Park General Management Plan
"Maintain the resources, including plant and animal communities, at healthy and viable levels consistent with natural processes."
7.  TMDL for Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the North Fork Virgin River Watershed
"Common sources of E. coli include excrement from livestock and wildlife as well as faulty septic systems."
Note- the objective is to remove intensive grazing from the riparian area by improving the uplands and taking a watershed approach to the issue.
8.  Virgin River Watershed Management Plan
"Key concerns in the North Fork Virgin River Include: (1) Maintenance of minimum flow; (2) threatened and endangered species; (3) wastewater disposal and septic system density; and (4) recreation."
9.  USFWS Partners for Fish and Wildlife Strategic Plan
"Project addresses habitat threats for a priority species within a PFW priority area (Plateau Focus Area) for restoration work."
10. Utah Catastrophic Wildfire Reduction Strategy
"Reduce fire risk by managing and removing invasive species."
11.  Intermountain West Joint Venture Habitat Conservation Strategy
"Support existing public-private partnerships to implement sagebrush habitat conservation, at regional, state, and local scales."
"Remove encroaching conifers to functionally restore sagebrush habitat."
12.  Utah Wildlife Action Plan
"Gamble Oak and Mountain Shrub is a key habitat identified in the WAP."
"WAP identifies inappropriate fire frequency as a threat to Gamble Oak and Mountain Shrub habitat.  This project will reduce future fire risk and act as a fire buffer to adjacent higher risk areas."
13. State of Utah Resource Management Plan
"Actively remove pinyon-juniper encroachment other ecological sites due to its substantial consumption of water its detrimental effects on sagebrush, other vegetation, and wildlife."
"Conserve, improve, and restore 500,000 acres of mule deer habitat throughout the state with emphasis on crucial ranges."
"Work with landowners, federal government and private organizations to conserve valuable wildlife habitat and winter range along urban interface."
"Develop mechanisms and policies to incentivize private landowners throughout Utah to conserve valuable wildlife habitat throughout Utah."
14. Kane County Resource Management Plan
"Kane County encourages vegetative treatments for maximum yield of forage and rangeland health."
 "Goals include making sure there is quality forage, water, cover, space and security sufficient to support productive populations. This includes conserving habitat for migratory birds, maintaining vegetation treatments that benefit wildlife, prioritizing treatments to improve habitats and coordinating predator control."
15. Southwest Working Third 5-year Review-2012 for California Condor
"The recovery strategy for the California condor is to focus on:  maintaining habitat for condor recovery and to provide foraging habitat"
16.  SECRETARIAL ORDER NO. 3362: DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Subject: Improving Habitat Quality in Western Big-Game Winter Range and Migration
Corridors
Sec. 1 Purpose. This Order directs appropriate bureaus within the Department of the Interior
(Department) to work in close partnership with the states of Arizona, California, Colorado,
Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming to enhance
and improve the quality of big-game winter range and migration corridor habitat on Federal
lands under the management jurisdiction of this Department in a way that recognizes state
authority to conserve and manage big-game species and respects private property rights.
Through scientific endeavors and land management actions, wildlife such as Rocky Mountain
Elk (elk), Mule Deer (deer), Pronghorn Antelope (pronghorn), and a host of other species will
benefit. Additionally, this Order seeks to expand opportunities for big-game hunting by
improving priority habitats to assist states in their efforts to increase and maintain sustainable big game populations across western states.
17.  UTAH ACTION PLAN For Implementation of Department of the Interior Secretarial Order #3362 as being important big game migration and stopover habitat.  This project will help meet the objective of "targeted habitat treatment projects in deer winter ranges and stopover areas that could be used to bolster deer populations" (UTAH ACTION PLAN For Implementation of Department of the Interior Secretarial Order #3362, 2020).

List management plans where this project will address an objective or strategy in the plan. Describe how the project area overlaps the objective or strategy in the plan and the relevance of the project to the successful implementation of those plans. It is best to provide this information in a list format with the description immediately following the plan objective or strategy.

As previously stated, the area is ripe for a high severity fire impacting people and sensitive habitats and wildlife (see also ecological threats).  Below are some details.

This project will decrease the risk of high severity wildfire by reducing fuel loading and promoting the growth of understory vegetation, which are critical to maintaining ecosystem resilience.   As demonstrated by the nearby Brianhead fire during the summer of 2017, treatments like these can break up the continuity of fuels and act as fuel breaks.  This project will do the same if a fire ignited nearby where fuel loading is heavy in phase 3 pinyon and juniper invaded sites.

The current fire regime condition class is moderate (2) and would be reduced to low (1) immediately after treatment. The habitat type has been identified in the 2015-2025 Utah Wildlife Action Plan that lowland sagebrush is a key habitat and the threats associated with this key habitat are inappropriate fire frequency and intensity. This project will help to achieve this goal.  Reducing the threat of wildfire is important because of the critical nature of this habitat to mule deer and elk.

Completing this project and reducing the risk of fire will help to protect important sagebrush steppe and mountain brush habitat that is critical for priority species including, but not limited to, mule deer and elk.

This project will also help to protect the springs and wetlands.  If a high severity fire were to move through the area water soil infiltration would decrease, erosion will increase, and the potential for water to get into the aquifer will decrease and spring flows may decrease.

If applicable, detail how the proposed project will significantly reduce the risk of fuel loading and/or continuity of hazardous fuels including the use of fire-wise species in re-seeding operations. Describe the value of any features being protected by reducing the risk of fire. Values may include; communities at risk, permanent infrastructure, municipal watersheds, campgrounds, critical wildlife habitat, etc. Include the size of the area where fuels are being reduced and the distance from the feature(s) at risk.

Currently the North Fork of the Virgin River is listed as high Priority 303d water body because of elevated levels of E. coli.  Utah department of Environmental Quality has linked the elevated levels back to fecal bacteria from livestock and wildlife.  The levels of E. coli are posing a threat to recreational uses in the river and could potentially contaminate drinking water further downstream.  By increasing the amount of available forage away from the north fork, the goal is to reduce the amount of animals near and in the north fork and its tributaries and reduce the amount of fecal matter that makes into the north fork.  Upland health is key to riparian health.  This project and Phase I and II can improve riparian health and water quality.  Below these projects is one of the most visited spots in Utah.  This project has a goal of improving grazing distribution of native and domestic ungulates to help with water quality issues related to an identified human health hazard in the NP.  Improving habitat quality and water quality will also have a beneficial impact to threatened and endangered native fish.

NOW SOME NEW INFO...
Reducing the amount of pinyon/juniper will increase and prolong stream flows, while reducing erosion caused by bare soil. The species planted will help stabilize the soil and reduce erosion. Kormas et al. found that drainage's dominated with juniper experience "snow water equivalent peaks higher, snow melts out earlier, and more water is lost to evapotranspiration in catchments when compared to sagebrush steppe vegetation".

In a study from 2008, Deboodt, et. al (2008) mentions that juniper trees can use up to 30 gallons of water a day, when adequate moisture is present.  It also states that Vegetative modeling has shown that 9 to 35 trees per acre can utilize all the precipitation delivered to a site in a 13-in annual precipitation zone. In their study researchers monitored two watersheds 12 years prior to treatment (cutting).  After the treatment analysis indicated that juniper reduction significantly increased late season spring flow by 225%, increased days of recorded groundwater by an average of 41 days , and increased the relative availability of late season soil moisture to soil depths of .76 meters.  It was also noted that managing vegetation for water yield may be obtainable at a much lower precipitation threshold than what was previously understood.

Baker, et. al (1984) found a 157% increase in stream flows over a 147 ha pinyon and juniper treatment. Recent research Roundy, et. al. (2014) has shown that mechanical treatments to remove pinyon and juniper increase time that soil water is available. Even four years after treatment, treated areas showed from 8.6 days to-18 days additional water availability at high elevation sites.

Roth, et. All (2017) stated snow pack is deeper and last longer in the open site at the low and mid sites (4-26 and 11-33 days, respectively).

Additional research by Young, et. al. (2013) also showed a relationship between tree removal and soil climates and wet days on these sites, which while providing more available moisture for desired vegetation could also provide moisture for weeds. Numerous studies have shown that increased infiltration rates and less overland flow improve both water quality and quantity.
Reducing pinyon and juniper trees, according the available research should increase snow pack, and time that snow pack is on the ground, increase spring flows, and increase soil moisture.  It is expected that similar results will happen in this area after the treatment takes place.

Water quality will improve as sediment will less likely to flow into the North Fork because of the mulch provide by the masticated trees and the seed establishment.  The reduction of E.coli will be the result of livestock not being in the pasture during irrigation, and alternative forage sources will be provided allow an option for livestock and wildlife another forage source out the riparian area.  During the two growing seasons that livestock will not be on the private land, important data will be able to be gathered to help determine what is the source of E.coli.

Describe how the project has the potential to improve water quality and/or increase water quantity, both over the short and long term. Address run-off, erosion, soil infiltration, and flooding, if applicable.

Description of efforts, both completed and planned, to bring the proposed action into compliance with any and all cultural resource, NEPA, ESA, etc. requirements. If compliance is not required enter "not applicable" and explain why not it is not required.

This treatment will include aerial seeding, mastication, brush mowing and herbicide application, and grazing management.

Aerial seeding will be done with a diversified mix of grasses and forbs before mastication in early fall.  Due to the nature of the terrain the option to use fixed wing or helicopter will be determined by the contractor.   Seed will be obtained from the Great Basin Research Center (GBRC).

Mastication will be completed with at least three (preferably multiple), mobile, tracked or wheeled, hydraulically or PTO driven, mechanical mulching/shredder (Bullhog) shall be furnished on a fully-operational basis, with a competent, fully-qualified operator, and shall be capable of mulching/shredding live trees up to twenty-six (26) inches in diameter at twelve inches above ground level measured on the uphill side, per state contract.

Grazing management will be no grazing for 2 growing seasons in treated areas, grazing will be monitored, and grazing agreements will be signed prior commencement to the project.

Also you can see similar project work completed using similar methods in the photo section.

Describe the actions, activities, tasks to be implemented as part of the proposed project; how these activities will be carried out, equipment to be used, when, and by whom.

Water quality will continue to be monitored by UDEQ during the months of April-November.  Comparing data from 2006 to current will allow us to see if water quality has improved with treatments and, grazing and irrigation practice changes.

NRCS will contract practice 645-Upland Wildlife Habitat Management, which will require two years of rest from livestock grazing and a stubble height of 16" following two growing seasons of rest from livestock grazing.  A grazing management plan will be included but will not be a contracted item.

A UDWR range trend site will be proposed determine effects from livestock and wildlife utilization.  Producer has agreed to have a site established.  This will provide long term data and trend of the site.

Using the data from the migration initiative collared deer movements can be monitored.  This will show if there is hold over in these treatment areas, if hunting pressure is affecting the deer, if weather changes timing, or duration of migration, and use of private lands verses public lands.

Farm Bill Biologist will establish photo points at random locations within the treatment and monitor yearly for a minimum of 5 years and greater at landowners' consent.

USFWS will do site visits and talk to landowner annually to look at success, future needs, and need for implementation of other conservation work.

UDWR and USFWS biologist will continue to work with UDWR fisheries to survey the North Fork more frequently.  The last survey was completed in 2021, before that 1991. We plan to survey a large stretch of the stream this spring/summer dependent on runoff.

Working with NGO's that are actively monitoring condor activity in the area, we will share what information is available and appropriate in the completion report.

Describe plans to monitor for project success and achievement of stated objectives. Include details on type of monitoring (vegetation, wildlife, etc.), schedule, assignments and how the results of these monitoring efforts will be reported and/or uploaded to this project page. If needed, upload detailed plans in the "attachments" section.

Private Landowners will contribute their assistance from the Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) to the project.

Utah Division Wildlife Resources hold the data associated with the migration initiative and a will potentially set up a vegetation trend monitoring site on the project.

A Farm Bill Biologist will also contract and implement the project, as well as continue to plan it.

Utah Department of Environmental Quality (UDEQ) will continue to monitor water quality and produce annual reports.  UDEQ will also be a major part of the change in classification as water quality improves.

Natural Resource Conservation Service-is working with the landowners to plan and carry out the project.  Through Environmental Quality Incentive Program potential funding will be available.

Utah Department of Agricultural and Food is a firm supporter of the project and encourages this project to be funding in an effort to improve working relations between land managers and landowners.

USFWS will be providing funding/planning/implementation support and is one of the project managers working closely with Stan Gurley from NRCS/UDWR on work directly tied to private land.

Zion National Park-supports efforts to reduce E. coli in the North Fork of the Virgin River.
U.S Fish and Wildlife Service is a supporter of the project and encourages it completion to for other non-game and sensitive species found in this unique habitat.

Discussions have been had with UFFSL to combine project work in the future under Zion Migration Corridor habitat proposals.  We also have been working with UFFSL on previous phase because of a conservation easement on one of the project areas.

Kane and Washington Counties has given us a letter of support on previous phases and support future similar work.

National Wild Turkey Federation has supported the project through funding, social media outreach, and technical assistance.

Mule Deer Foundation has supported the project through funding, social media outreach, and technical assistance.

Safari Club International has provided funding.

Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation has provided funding.

List any and all partners (agencies, organizations, NGO's, private landowners) that support the proposal and/or have been contacted and included in the planning and design of the proposed project. Describe efforts to gather input and include these agencies, landowners, permitees, sportsman groups, researchers, etc. that may be interested/affected by the proposed project. Partners do not have to provide funding or in-kind services to a project to be listed.

Detail future methods or techniques (including administrative actions) that will be implemented to help in accomplishing the stated objectives and to insure the long term success/stability of the proposed project. This may include: post-treatment grazing rest and/or management plans/changes, wildlife herd/species management plan changes, ranch plans, conservation easements or other permanent protection plans, resource management plans, forest plans, etc.

Private lands are primarily for livestock production.  Cattle are grazed on the private lands.  Increasing the forage will allow for better management and decrease the threat of over utilization.  Wildlife is abundant in the area and of high interest to public and private stakeholders in the area.  Wildlife viewing and hunting takes place on the property. 
The project site and surrounding area is an extremely important asset to the state of Utah for tourism.

The area has one of the larger deer herds in the state with approximately 15,000 animals.  This unit is one of the premier general season deer hunting units in Utah and provides ample hunting opportunity to the public.  The Zion unit is also home to a population of elk that provide one of the few over-the-counter any-bull general season hunting opportunities for elk in the state.  Improving and maintaining habitat condition in the Zion unit is important to sustaining wildlife viewing and hunting opportunities that benefit the public.  By doing so, we are also maintaining and enhancing economic stability in surrounding rural communities.  Many of these rural incomes rely on wildlife and wildlife habitat as a source of income.

Turkeys are found throughout the North Fork and provide hunting and viewing opportunities for the public and private landowners.  Hunting takes place with general season and limited entry tags, providing opportunities for youth to have hunts with less pressure and greater success.

As previously mentioned, water quality has been identified as a human health hazard in the adjacent National Park.  The narrows trail is one of the most visited places in the National Park System and is directly below these projects.  Doing these projects with a goal to improve water quality directly supports recreational opportunities in Zions.

This area is a very high use area for non- consumptive (by the way we are all consumptive, I hate that phrase) recreational users (campers, hikers, photographers, birders, etc...).  Managing for a diversity of vegetational states protects and enhances the viewscape.

Potential for the proposed action to improve quality or quantity of sustainable uses such as grazing, timber harvest, biomass utilization, recreation, etc. Grazing improvements may include actions to improve forage availability and/or distribution of livestock.